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Nov 23, 2019 AE-02 Open Cut Method: Embedment Zone and Pipe Installation Minimum Trench Width Calculation in the US for Various Pipe Materials The table below presents the method to select the minimum trench width for HDPE pipe installation using the open cut method for stable ground conditions [[Plastic Pipe Institute]] (Image: HDPE pipe) (Table: Minimum trench width for HDPE pipe in stable ground) AASHTO Section 30 requires a minimum trench width of not less than: Wmin = 1.5 x OD + 12 in (300 mm) ASTM D 2321 requires a minimum trench width of the greater of either the pipe OD + 16 in (400 … |
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Nov 23, 2019 AE-02 Open Cut Method: Embedment Zone and Pipe Installation Minimum Trench Width Calculation in the US for Various Pipe Materials The table below presents the method to compute the minimum trench width for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe installation using the open cut method. (Image: PVC pipe) (Table: Minimum trench width for PVC pipe in the US) |
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Nov 23, 2019 AE-02 Open Cut Method: Embedment Zone and Pipe Installation Minimum Trench Width Calculation in the US for Various Pipe Materials The table below presents the minimum trench width as a function of pipe outside diameter for glassfiber reinforced pipe (GRP) installation using the open cut method. (Image: Glass fibre reinforced plastic pipe (GRP pipe)) (Table: Minimum trench width for GRP pipe in the US) |
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Nov 23, 2019 AE-02 Open Cut Method: Embedment Zone and Pipe Installation Minimum Trench Width Calculation in the US for Various Pipe Materials The table below presents the minimum trench width as a function of pipe outside diameter for centrifugally cast glass-fiber reinforced polymer mortar (CCFRPM) pipe installation using the open cut method. (Image: Centrifugally cast fiberglass-reinforced, polymer mortar (CCFRPM) pipe) (Table: Minimum trench width for CCFRPM pipe in the US) |
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Nov 23, 2019 AE-02 Open Cut Method: Embedment Zone and Pipe Installation Minimum Trench Width Calculation in the US for Various Pipe Materials The table below presents the minimum trench width as a function of pipe outside diameter for ductile iron pipe installation using the open cut method. (Image: Ductile iron pipe) (Table: Minimum trench width for ductile iron pipe in the US) |
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Nov 23, 2019 AE-02 Open Cut Method: Embedment Zone and Pipe Installation Minimum Trench Width Calculation in the US for Various Pipe Materials (Image: Vitrified clay pipe) Trenches for Vitrified Clay Pipe (VCP) installation shall be excavated to a width that will provide adequate working space, but not more than the maximum design width, according to [[ASTM C12-07]]. There is no single formula that is applicable for minimum trench width calculation for VCP. Trench width is mainly one factor to compute loads caused by backfilling to determine the supporting strength of VCP. The factors taken … |
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The number and arrangement of the injection nozzles per lubrication station are usually constant. In addition to the control of all existing valves, it is possible to change the positions of the injection nozzles in the cross-section at successive lubrication stations in order to realize an almost uniformly distributed lubricant injection at the pipe circumference [Schoesser2013]. (Image: Detail - Injection nozzle) (Image: Arrangement of injection … |
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Rolling is the rotation of jacking machines and jacking pipes around the jacking axis. In the case of circular cross-sections, these are harmless to the subsequent pipeline as they do not impair its function. During jacking, however, and especially in the case of long and curved jacking, this rolling can become problematic due to the installations in the pipe string. In order to avoid rolling, plates are attached to the left and right on the jacking … |
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In selected pipe joints inductive position sensors are installed to supervise the joint gaps. At least three sensors are mounted and calibrated in each measurement joint. As a general rule, two or three measurement joints are aligned one after another. The inductive position sensors project to the interior of the pipe radially about 8 cm and have a length of about 35 cm. An additionally required box with the side lengths of 32 cm x 32 cm projects … |
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(Image: Attention!) The results of the geotechnical investigation as well as the laboratory analyses must be determined accurately by the geotechnical specialist or engineering geologist and described in a geotechnical report. Geotechnical reports, also referred to as subsoil reports or expertise, are intended to inform the client and contractor about the most important properties and characteristic parameters of the subsoil. |
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(Image: Documentation) |
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(Image: Documentation) In trenchless installation, the geotechnical report should at least contain the following points [DIN18319:2000] [Scher99a] [GSTT5] [DCA01] [DINEN12889:2000]:
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(Image: Documentation) For soil, the geotechnical report must include the following points in addition:
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(Image: Documentation) For rock, the geotechnical report must include the following points in addition:
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Soil is called backfill if it "has been artificially placed." Backfill is divided into:
[DIN1054:2010], [[ASTM D2321–05]] (Image: Compacted backfill under a motorway) Most of the areas below the surface of traffic ways and |
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The following categories will be used for a more detailed description: (Image: Unconsolidated soil categories) |
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The main types of soil are:
[[EN ISO 14688:2002]] differentiates
These main soil types consists of
These are further differentiated using particle fractions. |
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By non-cohesive soil, the individual mineral or rock grains form a loose cluster as a result of frictional forces that occur when the grain surfaces rub against each other. The characteristics of non-cohesive soil are influenced by the following parameters:
(Image: Non-cohesive soil particles, held loosely together through the grain surface friction) Sands, gravels, stones, and their … |
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In the case of cohesive soil, the particles cling together as a result of electrostatic surface forces, forming a bonded and mouldable mass. Its characteristics (strength) are essentially influenced by the following parameters:
This type of soil is sensitive to weather conditions. It includes clays, clayey silts (e.g., sandy clay, sandy silt, loam, marl), as well as their mixtures with non-cohesive … |
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The soil is classified as organic silt or organic clay if the liquid limit after oven drying is less than 75% of the liquid limit of the original specimen determined before oven drying. A further classification of organic fine-grained soils (group symbols OL and OH) is presented in a future section [[ASTM D2487-06]]. Another organic soil type is peat, which consists of "primarily vegetable tissue in various stages of decomposition, usually with an |
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The (top) soil in a narrow sense is defined as the most biologically active part of the top crust of the earth, which is surrounded by rock or soil below, and by vegetation or atmosphere above [MURL1991]. The soil can be classified, based on its percent by mass, into organic soil and mineral soil with an organic percentage [DINENISO14688:2018] [DINENISO14688:2018]. (Image: Topsoil) (Table: Classification of soil with organic percentages according to … |
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