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Main Types of Soil
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<p><strong>The main types of soil</strong> are:</p><ol><li>
<p>Non-cohesive soil</p></li>
<li>
<p>Cohesive soil</p></li>
<li>
<p>Organic (organogenic) soil</p></li>
<li>
<p>Vulcanic soil</p></li>
</ol>
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Non-Cohesive Soil
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<div class="clearfix layout-row columns-2"><div class="layout-column first column-1"><p>By <strong>non-cohesive soil</strong>, the individual mineral or rock grains form a loose cluster as a result of frictional forces that occur when the grain surfaces rub against each other. The characteristics of non-cohesive soil are influenced by the following parameters:</p><ul><li>
<p>Grain size</p></li>
<li>
<p>Grain size distribution</p></li>
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<p>Grain shape</p></li>
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<p>Grain roughness</p></li>
</ul><p/></div><div class="layout-column last column-2"><div>(Image: Non-cohesive soil particles, held loosely together through the grain surface friction)</div><p>Sands, gravels, stones and their …</p></div></div>
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Cohesive Soil
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<div class="clearfix layout-row columns-2"><div class="layout-column first column-1"><p>In the case of <strong>cohesive soil</strong>, the particles cling together as a result of electrostatic surface forces, and thus form a bonded and mouldable mass. Its characteristics (strength) is essentially influenced by the following parameters:</p><ul><li>
<p>Water content</p></li>
<li>
<p>Particle size</p></li>
<li>
<p>Clay mineral content</p></li>
</ul><p/></div><div class="layout-column last column-2"><p>This type of soil is sensitive to weather conditions. It includes clays, clayey silts (e.g. sandy clay, sandy silt, loam, marl) as well as their mixtures with non-cohesive …</p></div></div>
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Organic (Organogenic) Soil
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<p>The soil is classified as organic silt or organic clay if the liquid limit after oven drying is less than 75 % of the liquid limit of the original specimen determined before oven drying. A further classification of organic fine grained soils (group symbols OL and OH) is presented in a future section [[ASTM D2487-06]].</p><p>Another organic soil type is peat, that consists of "primarily vegetable tissue in various stages of decomposition usually with an …</p>
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Organic Soil Types
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<div class="clearfix layout-row columns-2"><div class="layout-column first column-1"><div><p>The (top) soil in a narrow sense is defined as the most biologically active part of the top crust of the earth, which is surrpunded by rock or soil below, and by vegetation or atmosphere above [MURL1991].</p><p>The soil can be classified, based on its percent by mass, into organic soil and mineral soil with an organic percentage [DINENISO14688:2001].</p></div></div><div class="layout-column last column-2"><div>(Image: Topsoil)</div><p>(Table: Classification of soil with organic percentages according to EN ISO 14688-2)</p></div></div>
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Volcanic Soil
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<div class="clearfix layout-row columns-2"><div class="layout-column first column-1"><p>According to [DINENISO14688:2001], volcanic soil is defined as “magma that has been emitted into the atmosphere during intense volcanic eruptions and, over time has formed deposits; e.g. pumice, scoria, ash”.</p><p>The main percentages of volcanic soils are designated and described according to their particle size, structure and colour (<span class="book-link-table no-breaket">Table</span>).</p></div><div class="layout-column last column-2"><p>(Table: Designation and description of volcanic types of soil [ENISO14688])</p></div></div><p/>
